Enhancing Urban Resilience to Extreme Heat in Zambia: Strategies and Interventions in Infrastructure Planning

Happy Mpezeni; Yijun Shi

doi:10.62051/ijsspa.v6n1.25

Authors

Happy Mpezeni
Yijun Shi

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62051/ijsspa.v6n1.25

Keywords:

Extreme Heat, Urban Resilience, Climate Change, Infrastructure, Zambia, Strategies

Abstract

The rising frequency of extreme heat events, particularly in urban areas has emerged as a significant concern with climate change anticipated to exacerbate this phenomenon across various regions worldwide. This paper explores the critical dimensions of enhancing urban resilience to extreme heat in Zambian, elucidating strategies tailored to the country's socio-economic, geographical, and climatic characteristics. The analysis underscores the pivotal role of prioritizing green infrastructure, sustainable urban design, and community-centric approaches in mitigating the impacts of extreme heat. By emphasizing the interconnected nature of these strategies and their relevance to Zambia's diverse urban settings, the review offers tailored insights for policymakers and urban planners. Additionally, it stresses the importance of robust early warning systems and capacity-building initiatives, aligning them with the unique challenges faced by Zambian communities. This endeavour, crucial for policy-makers and researcher, contributes essential knowledge for fostering sustainable, resilient, and adaptive urban environments in Zambia and other regions faced with similar issues.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1] Allam, Z., Jones, D., & Thondoo, M. (2020). Cities and climate change: Climate policy, economic resilience and urban sustainability. Springer Nature.

[2] Amati, M., Stevens, Q., & Rueda, S. (2023). Taking Play Seriously in Urban Design: The Evolution of Barcelona’s Superblocks. Space and Culture, 12063312231159229.

[3] Argyroudis, S. A., Mitoulis, S. A., Chatzi, E., Baker, J. W., Brilakis, I., Gkoumas, K., ... & Linkov, I. (2022). Digital technologies can enhance climate resilience of critical infrastructure. Climate Risk Management, 35, 100387.

[4] Asarpota, K., & Nadin, V. (2020). Energy strategies, the urban dimension, and spatial planning. Energies, 13(14), 3642.

[5] Asefi-Najafabady, S., Vandecar, K. L., Seimon, A., Lawrence, P., & Lawrence, D. (2018). Climate change, population, and poverty: vulnerability and exposure to heat stress in countries bordering the Great Lakes of Africa. Climatic Change, 148, 561-573.

[6] Ashie, Y. (2021). Tokyo heat island adaptation measures. Urban Climate Science for Planning Healthy Cities, 119-150.

[7] Berry, P., & Richardson, G. R. (2016). Approaches for building community resilience to extreme heat. Extreme weather, health, and communities: Interdisciplinary engagement strategies, 351-388.

[8] Blekking, J., Giroux, S., Waldman, K., Battersby, J., Tuholske, C., Robeson, S. M., & Siame, G. (2022). The impacts of climate change and urbanization on food retailers in urban sub-Saharan Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 55, 101169.

[9] Borodinecs, A. (2021). Guidelines for climate proofing energy efficiency projects.

[10] Bosomworth, K., Trundle, A., & McEvoy, D. (2013). Responding to the urban heat island: a policy and institutional analysis.

[11] Boyd, E., & Juhola, S. (2015). Adaptive climate change governance for urban resilience. Urban studies, 52(7), 1234-1264.

[12] Burchell, K., Fagan-Watson, B., & Watson, T. (2017). Urban Heat: developing the role of community groups in local climate resilience.

[13] Bush, J., Ashley, G., Foster, B., & Hall, G. (2021). Integrating green infrastructure into urban planning: Developing Melbourne’s green factor tool. Urban Planning, 6(1), 20-31.

[14] Ching, F. D. (2020). Building construction illustrated. John Wiley & Sons.

[15] de Abreu, V. H. S., Santos, A. S., & Monteiro, T. G. M. (2022). Climate change impacts on the road transport infrastructure: A systematic review on adaptation measures. Sustainability, 14(14), 8864.

[16] Demuzere, M., Orru, K., Heidrich, O., Olazabal, E., Geneletti, D., Orru, H., ... & Faehnle, M. (2014). Mitigating and adapting to climate change: Multi-functional and multi-scale assessment of green urban infrastructure. Journal of environmental management, 146, 107-115.

[17] Dumenu, W. K., & Takam Tiamgne, X. (2020). Social vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate change in Zambia: the applicability of social vulnerability index. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 1-16.

[18] Fastenrath, S., Coenen, L., & Davidson, K. (2019). Urban resilience in action: The Resilient Melbourne Strategy as transformative urban innovation policy?. Sustainability, 11(3), 693.

[19] Ganoe, M., Roslida, J., & Sihotang, T. (2023). The Impact of Volunteerism on Community Resilience in Disaster Management. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan dan Humaniora, 12(3), 199-213.

[20] Greenwalt, J., Raasakka, N., & Alverson, K. (2018). Building urban resilience to address urbanization and climate change. In Resilience (pp. 151-164). Elsevier.

[21] Guardaro, M., Messerschmidt, M., Hondula, D. M., Grimm, N. B., & Redman, C. L. (2020). Building community heat action plans story by story: A three neighborhood case study. Cities, 107, 102886.

[22] Haq, G., & Schwela, D. (2012). Transport and environment in sub-Saharan Africa. London: Stocholm environment institute, University of York.

[23] Hartigan, M., Fitzsimons, J., Grenfell, M., & Kent, T. (2021). Developing a metropolitan-wide urban forest strategy for a large, expanding and densifying capital city: Lessons from Melbourne, Australia. Land, 10(8), 809.

[24] Hassan, A. M., & Lee, H. (2015). Toward the sustainable development of urban areas: An overview of global trends in trials and policies. Land use policy, 48, 199-212.

[25] Hersperger, A. M., Oliveira, E., Pagliarin, S., Palka, G., Verburg, P., Bolliger, J., & Grădinaru, S. (2018). Urban land-use change: The role of strategic spatial planning. Global Environmental Change, 51, 32-42.

[26] Hidalgo García, D., & Arco Díaz, J. (2023). Mitigation and Resilience of Local Climatic Zones to the Effects of Extreme Heat: Study on the City of Barcelona (Spain). Urban Science, 7(4), 102.

[27] Hoverter, S. P. (2012). Adapting to urban heat: a tool kit for local governments. Georgetown Climate Center.

[28] Hung, H. C., Yang, C. Y., Chien, C. Y., & Liu, Y. C. (2016). Building resilience: Mainstreaming community participation into integrated assessment of resilience to climatic hazards in metropolitan land use management. Land use policy, 50, 48-58.

[29] Ikegwu, A., Nweke, H., Alo, U., Anikwe, C., & Okonkwo, O. (2023). Recently Emerging Trends in Big Data Analytic Methods for Modeling and Combating Climate Change Effects.

[30] Imran, H. M., Kala, J., Ng, A. W. M., & Muthukumaran, S. (2018). Effectiveness of green and cool roofs in mitigating urban heat island effects during a heatwave event in the city of Melbourne in southeast Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 393-405.

[31] Inghirami, P. (2022). Towards a human smart sustainable city: the case of Barcelona.

[32] Jabareen, Y. (2013). Planning the resilient city: Concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and environmental risk. Cities, 31, 220-229.

[33] Jha, A. K., Miner, T. W., & Stanton-Geddes, Z. (Eds.). (2013). Building urban resilience: principles, tools, and practice. World Bank Publications.

[34] Kalantary, C. (2010). Climate change in Zambia: Impacts and adaptation. Global Majority E-Journal, 1(2), 85-96.

[35] Keith, L., Meerow, S., & Wagner, T. (2019). Planning for extreme heat: a review. Journal of Extreme Events, 6(03n04), 2050003.

[36] Keith, L., Gabbe, C. J., & Schmidt, E. (2023). Urban heat governance: examining the role of urban planning. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 25(5), 642-662.

[37] Kiani, A., Salman, A., & Riaz, Z. (2014). Real-time environmental monitoring, visualization, and notification system for construction H&S management. Journal of Information Technology in Construction, 19, 72-91.

[38] Levin, E., Beisekenov, N., Wilson, M., Sadenova, M., Nabaweesi, R., & Nguyen, L. (2023). Empowering Climate Resilience: Leveraging Cloud Computing and Big Data for Community Climate Change Impact Service (C3IS). Remote Sensing, 15(21), 5160.

[39] Libanda, B. (2020). Multi-model synthesis of future extreme temperature indices over Zambia. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 6(2), 743-757.

[40] Libanda, B., Nkolola, N. B., Chilekana, N., & Bwalya, K. (2019). Dominant east-west pattern of diurnal temperature range observed across Zambia. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 86, 153-162.

[41] Libanda, B., Zheng, M., & Ngonga, C. (2019a). Spatial and temporal patterns of drought in Zambia. Journal of Arid Land, 11, 180-191.

[42] Libanda, E., Nkolola, N. B., & Chilekana, N. (2020). Human thermal comfort and urban climate of Zambia’s economic and political hub: a RayMan model study. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 6, 1671-1682.

[43] Liu, Z., Cheng, W., Jim, C. Y., Morakinyo, T. E., Shi, Y., & Ng, E. (2021). Heat mitigation benefits of urban green and blue infrastructures: A systematic review of modeling techniques, validation and scenario simulation in ENVI-met V4. Building and Environment, 200, 107939.

[44] López, I., Ortega, J., & Pardo, M. (2020). Mobility infrastructures in cities and climate change: an analysis through the superblocks in Barcelona. Atmosphere, 11(4), 410.

[45] Luxon, N., & Pius, C. (2012). Climate change risk and vulnerability mapping and profiling at local level using the Household Economy Approach (HEA). J Earth Sci Climate Change, 3(123), 2.

[46] Marcotullio, P. J., Keßler, C., & Fekete, B. M. (2022). Global urban exposure projections to extreme heatwaves. Frontiers in Built Environment, 8, 947496.

[47] Markolf, S. A., Chester, M. V., Eisenberg, D. A., Iwaniec, D. M., Davidson, C. I., Zimmerman, R., ... & Chang, H. (2018). Interdependent infrastructure as linked social, ecological, and technological systems (SETSs) to address lock‐in and enhance resilience. Earth's Future, 6(12), 1638-1659.

[48] Martinez, G. S., Imai, C., & Masumo, K. (2011). Local heat stroke prevention plans in Japan: characteristics and elements for public health adaptation to climate change. International journal of environmental research and public health, 8(12), 4563-4581.

[49] Mfitumukiza, D., Roy, A. S., Simane, B., Hammill, A., Rahman, M. F., & Huq, S. (2020). Scaling local and community-based adaptation. Global Commission on Adaptation Background Paper.

[50] Mohan, D. (2023). Enhancing capacity building initiatives at sub-national level for supporting climate change adaptation. Climate and Development, 1-8.

[51] Moyo, N., Nanyangwe-Moyo, T., Mapoma, C. C., Munkombwe, B., Phiri, M., Banda, A., ... & Qiao, X. (2022). The population of Zambia: past, present and future.

[52] Mueller, N., Rojas-Rueda, D., Khreis, H., Cirach, M., Andrés, D., Ballester, J., ... & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2020). Changing the urban design of cities for health: The superblock model. Environment international, 134, 105132.

[53] Mulenga, S., & Campenhout, B.V. (2008). Decomposing Poverty Changes in Zambia: Growth, Inequality and Population Dynamics. African Development Review, 20, 284-304.

[54] Munn, Z., Peters, M. D., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., & Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC medical research methodology, 18, 1-7.

[55] Musonda, I., Mwanaumo, E., Onososen, A., & Moyo, T. (Eds.). (2023). Smart and Resilient Infrastructure For Emerging Economies: Perspectives on Building Better: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Development and Investment In infrastructure (DII-2023, 19-21 July 2023, Zambia). CRC Press.

[56] Nero, B. F., Callo-Concha, D., & Denich, M. (2019). Increasing Urbanisation and the Role of Green Spaces in Urban Climate Resilience in Africa. Environmental Change and African Societies, 265-296.

[57] Ngoma, H., Finn, A., & Kabisa, M. (2023). Climate shocks, vulnerability, resilience and livelihoods in rural Zambia. Climate and Development, 1-12.

[58] Norton, B. A., Coutts, A. M., Livesley, S. J., Harris, R. J., Hunter, A. M., & Williams, N. S. (2015). Planning for cooler cities: A framework to prioritise green infrastructure to mitigate high temperatures in urban landscapes. Landscape and urban planning, 134, 127-138.

[59] Panarelli, G. (2015). Climate responsive design. Research, strategies and assessment criteria. Technological innovation and Climate Responsive Architecture Approach in the project. HOUSING POLICIES AND URBAN ECONOMICS, 3, 92-94.

[60] Papaioannou, D., Sutton, A., & Booth, A. (2016). Systematic approaches to a successful literature review. Systematic approaches to a successful literature review, 1-336.

[61] Pioppi, B., Pisello, A. L., & Ramamurthy, P. (2022). Wearable sensing techniques to understand pedestrian-level outdoor microclimate affecting heat related risk in urban parks. Solar Energy, 242, 397-412.

[62] Popescu, S. (2022). Towards Sustainable Urban Futures: Exploring Environmental Initiatives in Smart Cities. Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence and Cloud Computing, 5(1), 84-104.

[63] Potgieter, J., Nazarian, N., Lipson, M. J., Hart, M. A., Ulpiani, G., Morrison, W., & Benjamin, K. (2021). Combining high-resolution land use data with crowdsourced air temperature to investigate intra-urban microclimate. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, 385.

[64] Puplampu, D. A., & Boafo, Y. A. (2021). Exploring the impacts of urban expansion on green spaces availability and delivery of ecosystem services in the Accra metropolis. Environmental Challenges, 5, 100283.

[65] Qin, Y., Ghalambaz, S., Sheremet, M., Baro, M., & Ghalambaz, M. (2023). Deciphering Urban Heat Island Mitigation: A Comprehensive Analysis of Application Categories and Research Trends. Sustainable Cities and Society, 105081.

[66] Rasul, S., & Cheng, A. Y. (2023). Policy Frameworks and Governance Structures Supporting Green City Movements. Advances in Urban Resilience and Sustainable City Design, 15(6), 37-51.

[67] Rawlins, J., & Kalaba, F. K. (2020). Adaptation to climate change: Opportunities and challenges from Zambia. African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1-20.

[68] Rezvani, S. M., de Almeida, N. M., & Falcão, M. J. (2023). Climate Adaptation Measures for Enhancing Urban Resilience. Buildings, 13(9), 2163.

[69] Rivero-Villar, A., & Vieyra Medrano, A. (2022). Governance for urban resilience in popular settlements in developing countries: a case-study review. Climate and Development, 14(3), 208-221.

[70] Roest, A. H., Weitkamp, G., Van den Brink, M., & Boogaard, F. (2023). Mapping spatial opportunities for urban climate adaptation measures in public and private spaces using a GIS-based Decision Support Model. Sustainable Cities and Society, 96, 104651.

[71] Rueda, S. (2019). Superblocks for the design of new cities and renovation of existing ones: Barcelona’s case. Integrating human health into urban and transport planning: A framework, 135-153.

[72] Shakou, L. M., Wybo, J. L., Reniers, G., & Boustras, G. (2019). Developing an innovative framework for enhancing the resilience of critical infrastructure to climate change. Safety science, 118, 364-378.

[73] Shaw, R., Takeuchi, Y., Joerin, J., Fernandez, G., Tjandradewi, B. I., Wataya, E., ... & Matsuoka, Y. (2010). Climate and Disaster Resilience Initiatives: Capacity-building Program. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR).

[74] Simatele, D. (2013). Asset adaptation and urban food security in a changing climate: a case study of Kalingalinga and Linda Compounds in Lusaka, Zambia. In Climate Change, Assets and Food Security in Southern African Cities (pp. 110-131). Routledge.

[75] Simatele, D. (2016). Pro‐poor climate change adaptation in Zambia. Climate Adaptation Governance in Cities and Regions: Theoretical Fundamentals and Practical Evidence, 267-284.

[76] Simwanda, M., & Murayama, Y. (2017). Integrating geospatial techniques for urban land use classification in the developing sub-Saharan African city of Lusaka, Zambia. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 6(4), 102.

[77] Simwanda, M., & Murayama, Y. (2018). Spatiotemporal patterns of urban land use change in the rapidly growing city of Lusaka, Zambia: Implications for sustainable urban development. Sustainable Cities and Society, 39, 262-274.

[78] Simwanda, M., Murayama, Y., & Ranagalage, M. (2020). Modeling the drivers of urban land use changes in Lusaka, Zambia using multi-criteria evaluation: An analytic network process approach. Land Use Policy, 92, 104441.

[79] Singh, M., & Sharston, R. (2022, November). Evaluating the Spatial Variation of Heatwave Intensity to Enhance Urban Resilience. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1101, No. 2, p. 022016). IOP Publishing.

[80] Supran, G., Rahmstorf, S., & Oreskes, N. (2023). Assessing ExxonMobil’s global warming projections. Science, 379(6628), eabk0063.

[81] Tanner, T., Mitchell, T., Polack, E., & Guenther, B. (2009). Urban governance for adaptation: assessing climate change resilience in ten Asian cities. IDS Working Papers, 2009(315), 01-47.

[82] Taylor, A., Siame, G., & Mwalukanga, B. (2021). Integrating climate risks into strategic urban planning in Lusaka, Zambia. Climate Risk in Africa: Adaptation and Resilience, 115-129.

[83] Tembo-Silungwe, C., Musonda, I., & Okoro, C. Proceedings for the 6th International Conference on development and investment in infrastructure-strategies for Africa: DII-2019: 24-26 July 2019, Livingstone, Zambia: Innovation in Infrastructure development and investment-is Africa ready for change?.

[84] Thurlow, J., Zhu, T., & Diao, X. (2009). The impact of climate variability and change on economic growth and poverty in Zambia.

[85] Titz, A., & Chiotha, S. S. (2019). Pathways for sustainable and inclusive cities in Southern and Eastern Africa through urban green infrastructure?. Sustainability, 11(10), 2729.

[86] Tokyo Metropolitan Government, (2005). Guidelines for Heat Island Control Measures. July, 2005 Bureau of the Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan Government

[87] Tuholske, C., Caylor, K., Funk, C., Verdin, A., Sweeney, S., Grace, K., ... & Evans, T. (2021). Global urban population exposure to extreme heat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(41), e2024792118.

[88] Turek-Hankins, L. L., Coughlan de Perez, E., Scarpa, G., Ruiz-Diaz, R., Schwerdtle, P. N., Joe, E. T., ... & Mach, K. J. (2021). Climate change adaptation to extreme heat: a global systematic review of implemented action. Oxford Open Climate Change, 1(1), kgab005.

[89] Verma, A., & Singhania, R. (2023). Urban Resilience in the Face of Climate Change: Strategies for Adaptation and Mitigation. Journal of Sustainable Technologies and Infrastructure Planning, 7(1), 46-66.

[90] Wilkinson, S. J., & Dixon, T. (Eds.). (2016). Green Roof Retrofit: building urban resilience. John Wiley & Sons.

[91] Wong, N. H., Tan, C. L., Kolokotsa, D. D., & Takebayashi, H. (2021). Greenery as a mitigation and adaptation strategy to urban heat. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 2(3), 166-181.

[92] Xu, J., & Wang, X. (2020). Reversing Uncontrolled and Unprofitable Urban Expansion in Africa through Special Economic Zones: An Evaluation of Ethiopian and Zambian Cases. Sustainability, 12(21), 9246.

[93] Yamamoto, Y. (2006). Measures to mitigate urban heat islands. NISTEP Science & Technology Foresight Center.

[94] Zölch, T., Maderspacher, J., Wamsler, C., & Pauleit, S. (2016). Using green infrastructure for urban climate-proofing: An evaluation of heat mitigation measures at the micro-scale. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 20, 305-316.

[95] Zulu, E., Zulu, S. L., Chabala, M., Kavishe, N., Chifunda, C., & Musonda, I. (2022). Infrastructure design stage considerations for environmental sustainability in Zambia. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology.