Historical Interpretation and Modern Analysis of Mao Zedong's on the Ten Relationships based on the Construction of Socialist Road with Chinese Characteristics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62051/ijsspa.v3n1.06Keywords:
Mao Zedong; Chinese Politics, Chinese Problems, Chinese Communist Party, On the Ten Relationships, Socialism with Chinese CharacteristicsAbstract
As Mao Zedong's representative ideological work, On the Ten Relationships has not been practiced and tested in Chinese society, but it still plays an important role in guiding the development of China's development in terms of ideology and theory. In addition to studying and exploring the historical background at that time, this paper also carries out a comprehensive analysis and exploration of some of Mao's personal problems, especially in the interpretation of the "On the Ten Relationships" article by article, which is connected to some of the social events. In terms of research methodology, this paper mainly adopts the reverse reasoning of logic of thought as the method of reverse research, in addition to the use of the main axis of time and causal variables as a mixed analysis.
Downloads
References
Mao Zedong. (1976). On the Ten Great Relationships (April 25, 1956). Journal of Jilin University (Natural Science Edition) (04),5-23. doi:CNKI:SUN:JLDX.0.1976-04-001.
(1950). Completing the victory, consolidating it--Welcoming the New Year's Day of 1950. Fujian Zhengbao (01), 1-3. doi:CNKI:SUN:FJZB.0.1950-01-001.
Xinghua. (1983). Centralization and unification combined with hierarchical management, focusing on the centralized financial system during the "First Five-Year Plan" period. Finance (02), 13-15. doi:10.14115/j.cnki.zgcz. 1983.02.008.
Hu, G. P.. (1991). The Practice of Strengthening Program Work in China during the "First Five-Year Plan" Period and Its Characteristics. Party History Research and Teaching (01), 9-19. doi:CNKI:SUN:DSYJ.0.1991-01-001.
Ye, Jianjun. (1991). The "First Five Years" Construction. Hunan Party History Monthly (08), 2. doi:CNKI:SUN: FLDS.0.1991-08-000.
Yu, K.. (1994). An analysis of On the Ten Relationships. Chaidam Development Research (01), 12-16. doi:CNKI: SUN:CDMK.0.1994-01-002.
(1992). Ten major tasks related to the overall situation must be realized. Guangxi Politics (11), 4. doi:CNKI:SUN: GZRZ.0.1992-11-022.
Zhou, Huiling. (1994). Economic Thought and China's Economic Development in On the Ten Relationships. Journal of Capital Normal University (Social Science Edition) (01). doi:CNKI:SUN:SDSD.0.1994-01-002.
Chen, B. Chuan. (1994). Shining Thoughts Significant Contributions - The Experience of Studying "On the Ten Great Relationships" and "On the Correct Handling of Internal Contradictions among the People". Journal of Jiaying University (01), 1-3. doi:CNKI:SUN:JYDB.0.1994-01-000.
Lu Shang-chun,Liu Peng. (1994). An Examination of Mao Zedong's Thought and Practice of Modernization. Guangxi Social Science(01),73-79. doi:CNKI:SUN:HSKX.0.1994-01-012.
Xu Hong. (1994). An Experimental Discussion on Mao Zedong's Thought on Socialist Economic Management--Re-reading "On the Ten Relationships". Tianshan Journal (01), 46-49. doi:CNKI:SUN:ZGWM.0.1994-01-016.
Yang Xueying, Zhu Lingyun. (1994). An Experimental Discussion on the Historical Contributions of Mao Zedong's Economic Theory and Practice. Journal of Huaihai Institute of Technology (Natural Science Edition) (01). doi:CNKI: SUN:HHGB.0.1994-01-000.
Wei Yunzhe,Xu Guangzhi. (1994). A test analysis of Mao Zedong's theory on socialist economic construction. Journal of Changchun University (01),8-11. doi:CNKI:SUN:CDXB.0.1994-01-001.
Huang Shan. (1977). Talking about the teaching of chapters 8 and 9 of On the Ten Great Relationships. Anhui Education (04), 43-45. doi:CNKI:SUN:ANHI.0.1977-04-020.
Wang, Tingke. (1994). New Exploration New Beginning-The Publication of Mao Zedong's On the Ten Major Relationships. Tianfu Xinlian (01). doi:CNKI:SUN:TFXL.0.1994-01-020.
Li Liju. (1994). Talking about Mao Zedong's thought and practice of opening up to the outside world. Heihe Journal (02), 52-54. doi:10.14054/j.cnki.cn23-1120/c.1994.02.012.
(See Wikipedia: abductive reasoning, also translated as antideductive reasoning, reverse reasoning), is the process of reasoning from facts to their best explanation. In other words, it is the process of reasoning that begins with a collection of facts and derives their best explanation. The term abduction is sometimes used to imply the generation of hypotheses to explain observations or conclusions, but the former definition is more common in both philosophy and computing.
See Wikipedia:Class struggle theory, the main ideological point of view of Mao Zedong, who divided the Chinese people into two camps: the people and the class enemies. He said, "What are the people? In China, at this stage, it is the working class, the peasant class, the urban petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie. These classes, under the leadership of the working class and the Communist Party, are united to form their own state, to elect their own government, to exercise dictatorship over the lackeys of imperialism, that is, the landlord class and the bureaucratic bourgeoisie, as well as the reactionary factions of the Kuomintang and their accomplices, who represent these classes, and to oppress these people, allowing them to behave themselves and forbidding them to speak and move indiscriminately. If they want to speak and move indiscriminately, they will be banned and sanctioned immediately." After the Ninth National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held, "class struggle as the platform" was written into the CPC constitution. Mao Zedong also stated that "Regarding class and class struggle, we can start talking about it now, and we must talk about it year after year, month after month, and day after day" and "Class struggle, once you grasp it, it will work". It was not until after Mao's death that the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, convened in 1978, decided to stop using the slogan "class struggle as the platform" and shifted the focus of work to economic construction.
See Wikipedia:The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution, or simply the Cultural Revolution, was a nationwide political movement in the history of the People's Republic of China, which took place between May 16, 1966 and October 6, 1976 within mainland China. The Cultural Revolution was one of a series of political movements initiated and led by the left wing of the Chinese Communist Party represented by Mao Zedong, and is generally considered to have officially begun on May 16, 1966 with the introduction of the May 16th Circular. The Cultural Revolution is generally considered to have lasted for ten years and had an enormous and far-reaching impact on the new Chinese society, and was comprehensively rejected by Deng Xiaoping and others and the subsequent central leadership, and was negatively evaluated by later generations as the Ten Years of Internal Rebellion, Ten Years of Unrest and Ten Years of Catastrophe.
Supplementary note (see Wikipedia): Various scholars have estimated that the number of unnatural deaths in Mainland China as a result of the Ten-Year Cultural Revolution ranged from 2 million to 20 million. Starting with the Red August in Beijing, massacres occurred in many regions, including the Guangxi Cultural Revolution massacre (and mass cannibalism), the Inner Mongolia Negro Party Incident, the Guangdong Cultural Revolution massacre, the Yunnan Cultural Revolution massacre, the Hunan Cultural Revolution massacre, and the world's greatest man-made technological disaster of the 20th century, the "75-8" dam collapse in Henan. During the Cultural Revolution, the armed struggles and officially encouraged criticisms, house raids, and whistleblowing led to the degradation of traditional Chinese culture and morality, the severe impact on the economy (the national economy was on the verge of collapsing in 1976, just after the Cultural Revolution ended), and tens of millions of persecuted people, as well as a large number of cultural relics and ancient monuments that were destroyed by the Red Guards during the Four Ages of the Cultural Revolution. Many leaders of the CCP Central Committee were persecuted as capitalists. For example, the then President of the People's Republic of China, Liu Shaoqi, the Ten Marshals Peng Dehuai and Hailong, and Politburo Standing Committee member Tao Zhi were persecuted to death; Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yun were sentenced to banishment; Xizhongxun and Bo Yibo were knocked down and imprisoned; and Chen Yonggui, a semiliterate farmer, was appointed to the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CCPC). In addition, China's scientific research and education also suffered a major blow. Intellectuals became one of the first targets of suppression and were widely criticized and persecuted as bourgeois reactionary academic authorities and "stinking old men". Among the "Two Bombs and One Star Founding Fathers", Yao Tongbin was beaten to death, Zhao Jiuzhang was persecuted to suicide, and other famous intellectuals, such as Lao She, Zhou Zuoren, Liang Sicheng, Fu Lei, Xiong Shili, Tian Han, Jian Bozan, and Wu Han, were also persecuted to death. A few of them, such as Qian Xuesen, were protected by the List of Cadres to be Protected, which was specially listed by the Premier of the State Council, Zhou Enlai in 1966. Meanwhile, during the Cultural Revolution, the college entrance examination was stopped, and tens of millions of young intellectuals went to the countryside.
See Wikipedia:The First Five-Year Plan (abbreviated as the First Five-Year Plan) refers to the plan formulated by the government of the People's Republic of China to develop the national economy from 1953 to 1957. The plan was formulated under the auspices of Premier Zhou Enlai and Vice Premier Chen Yun of the State Council of the Central People's Government (CPG), and has an important place in the history of the People's Republic of China.
See Wikipedia:The Land Reform Movement (土地改革运动), a land reform in mainland China led by Mao Zedong and other high-ranking members of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the early years of the People's Republic of China (PRC), was a continuation of the land reforms instituted by the CPC in the "Liberated Areas" during the Second Nationalist-Communist Civil War.
See Wikipedia:The Korean War was a war between the regime of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the regime of the Republic of Korea (ROK) on the Korean Peninsula, in which the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Soviet Union (USSR) sent troops in support of the North, while the United Nations Army (UNA), a coalition of 16 nations (mainly the United States), sent troops in support of South Korea. After the conflict at the 38th parallel and the April 3rd Incident in the south, the Korean People's Army crossed the 38th parallel and invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950, and the war began. The United Nations Army and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army participated in the war, and the Korean Armistice Agreement was finally signed at Panmunjom on July 27, 1953, which established a non-military zone between North and South Korea as a buffer zone based on the Line of Actual Control (LAC) at the time of the armistice.
See Ching-yuan, , Ming Pao Monthly, No. 9, 1994, p. 38.
See Wikipedia:One-sidedness was the policy of the People's Republic of China in the early years of its founding, which was not to establish an alliance with the Soviet Union alone, but rather meant to stand firmly on the side of the communist national camp against imperialism and the Western capitalist camp led by the United States; to regard the capitalist camp as the enemy and to unite with the communist camp to fight against them. This policy laid down the basic pattern of China's foreign policy in the early 1950s. The choice of the socialist system in the future, the Soviet Union's support in laying the foundation of the two bombs and one star, and triggering the stalemate of the Korean War had far-reaching effects on China and even on the world pattern, though it was also due to the antagonism of the interests and peculiarities between China and the Soviet Union that the relationship broke down and came to an end in the late 1950s.
See Wikipedia: The slogan "overtake Britain and catch up with the United States" was first articulated in 1957, when Mao Zedong responded to Khrushchev's claim that the Soviet Union would overtake the United States in 15 years by saying that China's steel production would overtake that of the United Kingdom within 15 years.Around 1958 Mao Zedong came up with the slogan "Overtake Britain and Catch up with the United States", which consisted of two goals: to overtake the United Kingdom in 15 years and catch up with the United States in 20 years in terms of steel production. Mao Zedong's slogan of "catching up with Britain and the United States" around 1958 contained the goals of surpassing Britain in steel production in 15 years and catching up with the United States in 20 years.
See Wikipedia:The Sino-Soviet Crossing (Russian: Советско-китайский раскол), also known as the Sino-Soviet Rupture and Sino-Soviet Contradiction, refers to the estrangement or even confrontational clashes in diplomatic and military relations that occurred between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the Cold War. The Sino-Soviet disagreement covered both national interests and ideological dimensions. Given the complex military-geographical and historical relationship between the two, conflict between the two sides was largely inevitable. The beginning of the conflict is uncertain, but it roughly stems from the Sino-Soviet polemics following the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1956, when some members of the Communist Party of China (CPC) were dissatisfied with Soviet Communist Party First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). 1961, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, who led a delegation to the 22nd CPC Central Committee Congress, had a heated debate with the Soviets that broke up, and refused to participate in the subsequent 23rd CPC Central Committee Congress. On May 16, 1966, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee adopted the May 16th Circular, deciding to carry out the Cultural Revolution, and relations between China and the Soviet Union were completely frozen.
See Wikipedia: Cult of personality, (Chinese: 個人崇拜; Russian: культ личности) refers to the use of mass propaganda to portray an individual as an object of worship in a community, usually by means of the media, which idealizes, heroizes, or even deifies his or her personality. When the government uses the mass media, propaganda and other means to give unquestionable flattery and frequent praise, glorification, etc., to portray a living (or deceased) political leader as a heroic, deified, idealized public figure, then naturally the mass phenomenon of cult of the individual will arise.
See Wikipedia: Autocracy, the root of which comes from the ancient Greek: αὐτοκρατία (autocrates), where αὐτός means alone, personal, and κρατείν means rule, so it can be translated as: to be ruled by him alone. A leader who rules in this way is called an autocrat (αὐτοκράτωρ, autokratōr). autocracy, also transliterated as despotism, dictatorship, a political science term, is a form of government in which a single ruler with unlimited authority rules at his own will, without the checks and balances of law and tradition. It is a form of government in which a ruler with unlimited authority rules by his own will, without the checks and balances of law and tradition. The ruler is the sole holder of the highest power in the state and rules by means of tyrannical and brutal methods. This ruler with unlimited power was called autocrat (Greek: αὐτοκράτης, autocrates). The political system formed by this form of rule is called dictatorship.
See Wikipedia:The Great Leap Forward was a political and social movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from late 1957 to the early 1960s. Led by Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the top echelons of the CPC launched the Great Leap Forward movement, which was in full swing in 1958 after the People's Daily published an editorial on November 13, 1957, with the slogan "Great Leap Forward". The movement attempted to take advantage of the local labor force and the enthusiasm of the masses to blindly pursue a "leap forward" in industry and agriculture that was divorced from reality: large agricultural "satellites" were put in place, the pursuit of "surpassing Britain and catching up with the United States" in terms of steel production, universal steelmaking, and the establishment of people's communes, among other things.
See Wikipedia: The Three Years' Hardship, also known as the Three Years' Famine and the Three Years' Natural Disasters, refers to a period of national famine in the People's Republic of China between 1959 and 1961 as a result of the Three Red Flags movement, with some scholars categorizing 1958 and 1962 as periods of famine. According to various estimates, the three-year famine caused the unnatural deaths of 15 to 55 million people in Mainland China, and is widely regarded as the largest famine in human history and one of the most serious man-made disasters in human history. The three-year famine is similar to a repeat of the 1932 Soviet famine, with major causes including the "Great Leap Forward", the People's Communalization Movement, systemic problems, and diplomatic dilemmas.
See Wikipedia:The Third Frontier Construction, a large-scale construction of national defense, science and technology, industry, power and transportation infrastructure in China's interior provinces for the purpose of war preparedness and drought preparedness, began in 1964 by the government of the People's Republic of China. The Third Frontier Region is a military geographic concept that includes 13 provinces and autonomous regions in the central and western regions of China. Its core areas were in Northwest China (including present-day Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, and Qinghai) and Southwest China (including present-day Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, and Guizhou). It began against the backdrop of the escalation of the Vietnam War and the U.S. military offensive along the southeast coast of China, as well as Sino-Soviet hostilities and small-scale armed conflicts between the two countries, and the crisis of a full-scale war.
See Wikipedia: In the case of ethnic minorities receiving language education in "Putonghua", for example, almost nothing about their local culture is taught in schools, and the media is dominated by the Han culture of the north, with government departments intentionally curbing the development of regional cultures as a matter of policy to ensure that their programs to promote Putonghua to the various ethnic groups in the territory are not interfered with by external factors. This is to ensure that their programs to promote Putonghua among the ethnic minorities in the territory will not be interfered by external factors and become ineffective.
See Wikipedia: Advertising or advertizing, in the narrow sense, is a marketing practice used to persuade listeners, usually to induce the purchase of a product or service, i.e. commercial advertising. On the other hand, advertising in its broader sense is any advertising activity that is designed to communicate a message and promote awareness, whether or not it is in the commercial sphere and whether or not it operates for profit, as long as it possesses the basic characteristics of an advertisement, it is an advertising activity such as an advertisement that is designed to increase political or ideological support, such as campaign advertisements and public service advertisements.
See: (Yang, Xiannong. (2017). Research on the basic principles of the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Sichuan People's Publishing House. 75.) The "left" ideology manifested itself in subjectively exaggerating the power of the revolution, belittling the enemy's power and objective difficulties, and taking blindly adventurous actions; or confusing the boundaries between the contradictions between the enemy and the people and the internal contradictions of the people, and adopting a policy of cruel struggle and merciless attack; or practicing shut-doorism on the issue of the allied forces of the revolution. The "leftists" are not the same as the "leftists". In the construction period, the "left" manifests itself, on the one hand, in its eagerness to achieve results without regard for immediate realities and conditions, and on the other hand, in its failure to analyze the changed objective realities by applying Marxist positions, viewpoints and methods, and in its inability to readily accept, or even to doubt or reject, the correct policy of reform and opening up.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
