Exploration of the Application of Biological Synthesis Technology in Stable Expression Gene Editing Systems

Abstract

Gene editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9 and TALEN have become core tools for life science research and biotechnology industrialization. However, their clinical translation and large-scale application are limited by three major issues: low instantaneous expression efficiency, high off target risk, and strong cytotoxicity. The stable expression gene editing system can improve editing efficiency and safety through continuous and controllable tool expression, while biosynthetic technology provides a key solution for the construction of this system with modular design, precise regulation, and scalability advantages. Starting from the core principles of biosynthetic technology, this article analyzes its application paths in carrier engineering optimization, regulatory element design, and host adaptation modification. Combining practical cases of prokaryotic, eukaryotic, and microbial community host systems, it explains how it solves the problems of "expression persistence," "regulation precision," and "host compatibility" in stable expression. Research has shown that standardized design of synthetic biological elements such as inducible promoters and miRNA response modules, optimization of AAV capsids, modification of vector skeletons such as non viral vector molecular design, and dynamic regulation of gene pathways can effectively improve the stable expression efficiency of gene editing systems while reducing off target rates and cytotoxicity.