International Journal of Public Health and Medical Research
International Journal of Public Health and Medical Research (IJPHMR), a peer-reviewed open access journal published in English-language, provides an international platform for the publication and dissemination of original work that contributes to the understanding of the main and related disciplines of public health, life sciences, medicine, biotechnology either empirical or theoretical. The journal covers the whole spectrum of medicine & health, biotechnology& life sciences, and more.
Study on the Correlation Between Ultrasonic Myocardial Work Parameters Combined with TyG-BMI and the Degree of Coronary Stenosis
Objective: This study aims to investigate the correlation between ultrasonic myocardial work parameters and triglyceride-glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI) with the degree of coronary stenosis, and to evaluate the diagnostic value of each parameter individually and in combination for significant coronary stenosis. Methods: Data were collected from 155 patients who underwent coronary angiography for chest pain at the Department of Cardiology of the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities between September 2025 and April 2026. Based on angiographic findings, patients were classified into a group with significant coronary stenosis (n=89) and a group without significant stenosis (n=66). Differences between groups were compared using independent-sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Correlation analyses were performed to calculate the coefficients of correlation between coronary stenosis severity and ultrasound parameters as well as clinical indicators. Binary logistic regression was employed to identify independent influencing factors, while the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of individual indicators and combined models. Results: Correlation analysis revealed an extremely strong positive correlation between the degree of coronary stenosis and the global myocardial work index (GCW) (r=0.898), an extremely strong negative correlation between global wasted work (GWW) and global myocardial work efficiency (GWE) (r=-0.904), moderate positive correlations between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and interventricular septal thickness (IVST) (r=0.525) and between total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (r=0.597), as well as a moderate positive correlation between TyG-BMI. Compared with the group with significant stenosis, the group with non-significant stenosis exhibited significantly reduced IVST, GWW, and TyG-BMI, while GWI, GCW, and GWE were significantly increased (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that GCW was a protective factor for significant coronary stenosis (OR=0.995,95% CI: 0.992–0.998, P=0.004), whereas GWW (OR=1.043,95% CI: 1.025–1.062, P<0.001), GWE (OR=2.602,95% CI: 1.764–3.838, P<0.001), and TyG-BMI (OR=1.050,95% CI: 1.018–1.084, P=0.002) were independent risk factors. The AUC values for diagnosing significant coronary artery stenosis using each individual indicator ranged from 0.648 to 0.745, while the combined diagnostic model achieved an AUC of 0.899 (95% CI: 0.848–0.949), with a sensitivity of 76.4% and specificity of 90.9%, demonstrating significantly superior performance compared to individual indicators (P<0.05). Conclusion: Myocardial work parameters (GCW, GWW, GWE) and TyG-BMI are independent risk factors for significant coronary stenosis. Their combined application significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy, providing a new reference basis for non-invasive assessment of coronary stenosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Public Health and Medical Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Clinical Manifestation Summary of Common Comorbidity Conditions Associated with ASD
Autism spectrum disorder is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with problems in social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviours. However, there are often many other types of psychiatric diseases, neurological disorders, gastrointestinal diseases and sleep disorders in people who need help. List the main clinical features of frequent co-occurring disorders in autism in this paper. Psychiatric comorbidities, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and anxiety disorders, may present as emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, avoidance behaviours and self-harm. Neurological diseases that cause repetitive movement disorders should be excluded first. Gastrointestinal disorders can be expressed indirectly, such as irritability, anger and poor sleep in children who are unable to communicate verbally. Sleep disorders will result in various mental and behaviour problems. Based on the above, it can be seen that the doctor should not assume autism is the cause of other diseases and disorders, but must also cooperate with other departments to conduct coordinated diagnosis and treatment.
Mining of Antibacterial Related BGC and Analysis of Antibacterial Mechanism At Protein Level
Antibacterial biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) are rich in new natural products, and therefore, genome mining has been used to discover them in bacteria and fungi. This paper investigates the following two problems: how to extract antibacterial BGCs efficiently, and how to understand the antibacterial mechanisms of these genes at the protein level. Based on the above analysis, a single set of discovery methods is not suitable for identifying important genes and proteins. Antibacterial activity at the protein level is generally mediated by enzymes, precursor peptides, transporters, tailoring proteins, immunity proteins and regulatory factors that regulate biosynthesis and modes of action. Based on recent studies of antiSMASH-based mining, BGC classification, proteomining and fungal and bacterial cluster characterization, a practical workflow for discovery and mechanistic interpretation has been established in this paper. Therefore, BGC mining should also investigate the origin of antibacterial functions at the protein level via biosynthetic systems, not only cluster prediction.
Practical Directions for the Integration of Financial Big Data and Quantitative Risk Control
With the all-round development of digital technology in recent years, so too have people's risk-bearing habits changed. Systematically explore the practical directions of applying large-scale financial big data and high-end quantitative risk control frameworks in this paper. Utilise a large number of organised and unorganised alternative data to improve the accuracy of prediction and operation. Introduce new kinds of high-performance, frequently updated quantitative algorithms and move away from the old credit-scoring system. The first few practical applications are shown below: real-time fraud detection, dynamic credit assessment and comprehensive market risk monitoring. This paper will also discuss the issues that have arisen due to such a combination, such as data privacy laws, algorithmic transparency, and a large-scale computational infrastructure. In short, now that large-scale big data analysis and high-end quantitative methods have been introduced, all-encompassing risk management systems for large banks can be constructed to face the turbulence of the economy, credit losses due to defaults can be reduced, and continuous profit generation in the era of deep globalisation can be achieved.
Application Exploration of Multifunctional Hydrogels in Local Drug Delivery and Anti Inflammatory Microenvironment Construction
This paper examines the use of multi-functional hydrogels in local drug delivery and designs strategic anti-inflammatory microenvironments. Hydrogels are three-dimensional cross-linked polymeric networks with tunable properties that can serve as good biomaterials for spatiotemporal control of therapeutic agent release. At present, in terms of the main Design ideas of these biomaterials, emphasis is placed on stimuli-responsive architectures and injectable forms to achieve localised drug release at diseased tissues. In addition, this paper explores the way to integrate immunomodulatory drugs and functional nanomaterials more proactively into hydrogel carriers for treating local inflammation. Through organisation of macrophage polarisation, active remodelling of the pathological cellular niche can be achieved by the biomaterials, and they are thus transformed from passive delivery systems into dynamic therapeutic platforms. Synthesize relevant research papers to assess the effect of the above systems on chronic wound healing and tissue regeneration in solid tumour therapy. In addition, this paper will address the existing structural deficiencies and regulatory hurdles, as well as the future engineering optimisation directions required for the clinical translation of advanced hydrogel delivery systems. Standardisation of the manufacturing process and validation of long-term biological safety are still required for wider clinical application.
The Risk Factors for Benign Breast Diseases: A Literature Review
Benign breast diseases (BBDs) are a group of heterogeneous, non-malignant breast conditions that affect many women around the world. It is associated with the risk of breast cancer. However, the evidence of the risk factors for BBDs is inconsistent. This review aimed to synthesize the existing evidence on the risk factors of overall BBD and its subtypes, including non-proliferative diseases, proliferative diseases (proliferative diseases without atypia and atypical hyperplasia). A comprehensive search was conducted in the Embase database for studies that evaluate the associations between various risk factors and BBDs. Twenty-one eligible articles were included. Due to the high heterogeneity of the included articles, this study adopted a narrative synthesis approach. The results showed that multiple dietary and lifestyle factors were associated with the risk of overall BBD, including alcohol consumption, tanning bed use, body mass index, height, family fat, vegetable protein, fiber, nuts, etc. For non-proliferative diseases, alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk, while the intake of vitamin E and dietary fiber may have negative association. For proliferative BBD, vitamin E and fiber both showed a negative association, while alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk. Caffeine intake may increase the risk of atypical hyperplasia. In summary, this review indicates that the risk factors may vary across subtypes of BBD, although the evidence for certain BBD subtypes remains limited. Therefore, BBD should not be treated as a single disease entity in future studies. Subtype-specific investigations are recommended to better clarify the etiology of BBDs.
Effect of Milk Powder as A Protective Agent on the Stability of Anti-Hp-IgY
Currently, multiple antibiotic combination therapy is predominantly used in clinical practice for the treatment of related infections. Although the cure rate is approximately 80%, drug resistance is increasing annually, the eradication efficacy is gradually declining, and long-term antibiotic use can readily lead to intestinal flora dysbiosis and functional disorders. Egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) has the potential to serve as an alternative to traditional antibiotic therapies due to its high specificity, ease of production, and lack of toxic side effects. In this study, milk powder was added as a protective agent to specific IgY lyophilized powder to investigate its storage stability, tolerance to pH changes and pepsin, with IgY titer changes measured using ELISA. The results showed that specific IgY retained stable titers within the pH range of 3–7.8. At pH 1, the residual activity of IgY was 43.0%, while the addition of milk powder under the same conditions increased the antibody activity retention rate to 72.3%. IgY exhibited relatively high resistance to pepsin, with a retention rate of 79.6% after 1 hour of pepsin treatment; the addition of milk powder further increased the retention rate to 88.0%. In stability experiments using milk powder as a protective agent, antibodies stored at 4°C or −20°C retained approximately 50% activity after 360 days. The results showed that Milk powder, as a natural and low-cost protective agent, effectively improves the pH stability, pepsin tolerance, and long-term storage activity of IgY. This study provides robust theoretical and data support for the development of highly effective and stable oral IgY formulations, thereby promoting their clinical translation and application in the prevention and treatment of related infections.
Live–Postbiotic Multistrain Platform for Immune-Response Regulation and Barrier Restoration in Experimental Colitis
We evaluated a BALIMONT live–postbiotic multistrain platform centered on Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 20174, and Bifidobacterium longum DSM 20219 for immune-response regulation and attenuation of experimental colitis. The live fraction was balanced at a viable-count ratio of 2:3:5 and paired with homologous postbiotic fractions at a live-bacteria-to-postbiotic mass ratio of 1:2. In the preclinical dataset retained in this manuscript, three BALIMONT variants were compared with a live-bacteria-only formulation in a DSS-induced colitis model. Across the BALIMONT variants, total inflammatory-burden reduction reached 65.7%–68.2%, whereas the live-bacteria-only comparator achieved 32.5%; tight-junction protein upregulation reached 40.1%–42.6% versus 18.3%, respectively. To place these findings in clinical context, we reviewed published randomized and controlled human studies of probiotics, synbiotics, and related microbiota-directed therapies in ulcerative colitis. Human trials involving Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium breve, Lactobacillus acidophilus-containing combinations, and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 have reported improvements in sigmoidoscopy or endoscopy, disease-activity indices, mucosal inflammatory signaling, or remission-related outcomes, although effect sizes were strongly formulation- and strain-dependent. Taken together, our retained preclinical results and the published clinical literature support the translational plausibility of a live–postbiotic strategy for immune modulation and barrier restoration, while also showing that exact-strain clinical confirmation remains necessary.
Three-Phase Encapsulation Platform Centered on Quercetin, Bromelain, and Eucalyptus Oil for Respiratory Support: Formulation Robustness, Gastric-Acid Protection, and Translational Evidence
We evaluated a respiratory-support platform organized around quercetin, bromelain, and eucalyptus-oil-rich volatile components, and we contextualized the formulation dataset with peer-reviewed public evidence on the three signature actives. The core formulation dataset comprised three encapsulated embodiments and one direct-mix comparator from the technical dossier. The platform used three protective units: enteric-protective microspheres for bromelain, nano mixed micelles for the quercetin-centered flavonoid fraction, and sustained-release microcapsules for the eucalyptus-oil-rich volatile fraction. Across the three encapsulated embodiments, bromelain encapsulation reached 95.5%-97.2%, flavonoid encapsulation 90.8%-92.6%, and volatile-component encapsulation 92.3%-94.5%; bromelain activity retention after 2 h at pH 1.2 remained above 98.0%, while the direct-mix comparator retained only 6.8%. Total active retention after 6 months at 25 °C remained 95.8%-96.3% in the encapsulated platform versus 32.5% in the comparator. Public evidence supported the translational plausibility of the platform: quercetin attenuated smoke-induced airway inflammation and mucus production in rats; oral quercetin was safely tolerated up to 2000 mg/day in COPD patients and, in a 2025 pilot trial, reduced selected inflammatory and oxidative-stress biomarkers; 1,8-cineole showed steroid-sparing activity in severe asthma and reduced exacerbations in COPD; and oral bromelain showed tolerability and symptom improvement signals in chronic rhinosinusitis. We therefore interpret the main differentiated value of the platform as delivery-enabled robustness rather than an unsupported claim of direct clinical superiority of the full finished product.
The Analysis of The Impact of Medical Insurance Payment Reform on Healthcare Service Utilisation in Primary Medical Institutions and Patients' Financial Burden for Diseases
Backgroud: Medical insurance Payment Mechanism Reform aims to improve the Structure of health resources Distribution Inefficiency leading To Some People A Need For Financial Strain. Since 2019, China's implementation of DRG diagnosis-reclassification system at all levels' general hospitals has gradually been expanded nationwide. To determine whether policy changes related to medical insurance payments impact health care spending at primary healthcare institutions and the living expenses of people illening across China. Taking into account various sources of information provided in the China Health Statistics Yearbook, The National Healthcare Security Administration's Statistical Bulletin, WHO Global Health Expenditure Database between 2010-2022 for exploring trends in outpatient visits rates; admission rate, average per capita medical expenses, catastrophic health expenditure incidence. Using a DID approach to evaluate the impact of the policy. After application, the growth rate of each type of outpatient and hospitalisation expenditure decreased by around 0.5 percentage points per year separately. Two months of outpatients at the first-class hospital reached about 16.8 per cent higher than that recorded in 2003. There were over 10% incidences of CHE in the rural-household group, indicating persistent disparities. As a result, payment reform to some extent enhanced service usage rates and alleviated economic pressures; Regionally there are still issues existing. Improving the capacity of primary healthcare and revising payment policies can help achieve universal healthcare.
Research on 3D Printed Scaffolds Loaded With Extracellular Vesicles to Regulate the Microenvironment of Periodontitis Microbiota and Promote Tissue Regeneration
In recent years, extracellular vesicles have been widely recognized as important mediators of communication between cells, as they contain bioactive molecules and have the potential to regulate immunity and promote regeneration. 3D printed scaffolds can simulate extracellular matrix structures to provide directional spatial guidance for regenerating microenvironments. The purpose of this study is to develop a three-dimensional printed scaffold system with extracellular vesicles and evaluate its intervention in the microenvironment of periodontitis microbiota and promotion of periodontal tissue regeneration; Simultaneously improve the extraction and characterization methods of extracellular vesicles, and screen suitable biomaterials and their 3D printing processes to obtain composite scaffolds with appropriate porosity, mechanical strength, and release characteristics. Evaluate the inhibitory effect of the scaffolds on periodontal pathogens and their ability to regulate bacterial homeostasis at the in vitro level, and observe whether they affect macrophage polarization and the expression of inflammatory factors; Then, by establishing an animal periodontitis model, the repairing effect of the stent on the alveolar bone defect area and the fusion status of the newly formed tissue were observed. The results showed that the composite scaffold can significantly inhibit the number of pathogenic bacteria, rebuild microbial diversity, alleviate inflammatory reactions, and significantly promote the formation of alveolar bone and periodontal ligament like tissues. In summary, this article provides a new approach for the comprehensive treatment of periodontitis: microbial microenvironment regulation combined with tissue engineering technology.
Carrier-Free Core-Shell NVTIA™ Tart Cherry-Celery Seed-Bromelain Nanocomposite for Uric Acid Metabolic Support: Formulation Characterization and Mechanistic Rationale
Background: Botanical approaches to hyperuricemia and gout remain attractive, but their practical performance is often limited by variable raw-material standardization, poor aqueous dispersion of lipophilic phytochemicals, and inconsistent clinical signals from single-ingredient cherry products. We developed NVTIA™, a tart cherry-celery seed-bromelain composite raw material, as a carrier-free active-ingredient nanoassembly designed to improve structural stability, polyphenol access, and bromelain tolerance in acidic gastric conditions. Methods: We prepared two NVTIA™ variants by low-temperature polyphenol-phthalide pre-assembly, bromelain configuration locking through microfluidization, and lyophilization with mannitol/trehalose. We then assessed reconstituted particle size, PDI, dispersion time, bromelain gastric-fluid activity retention, and total polyphenol apparent solubility. Results: NVTIA™-1 reconstituted to 112 nm nanoparticles with PDI 0.16, dispersed in 22 s, retained 89.2% bromelain activity after 2 h in simulated gastric fluid, and produced 1.57 mg/mL apparent total-polyphenol solubility. NVTIA™-2 reconstituted to 128 nm nanoparticles with PDI 0.18, dispersed in 25 s, retained 87.6% enzyme activity, and produced 1.82 mg/mL solubility. Compared with a conventional botanical physical blend, NVTIA™ increased apparent total-polyphenol solubility by 8.3-9.6 times and shortened dispersion time by 73.7-76.8%. Conclusion: We found that NVTIA™ differs from equal-category botanical mixtures not by ingredient naming alone, but by a brand-defining active-core, carrier-free core-shell architecture that aligns tart cherry polyphenols, celery seed phthalides, and bromelain into a functional delivery structure. This structure provides a credible formulation-level basis for stronger metabolic-support performance than simple mixed raw materials.
The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Clinical Adaptability of Nursing Interns under the "2+2" Teaching Model: The Moderating Role of Social Support
Objective To investigate the clinical adaptation status of undergraduate nursing students under the "2+2" teaching model during their clinical clerkship, and to analyze the relationship with emotional intelligence and influencing factors. Methods A cross-sectional survey design was employed, involving 230 nursing interns under the "2+2" teaching model. Questionnaires including a General Information Questionnaire, the Maladaptive Behavior Scale, the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS), the Social Support Rating Scale, and the Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory were used for data collection. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0, including descriptive analysis, univariate analysis, and multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results The detection rate of poor clinical adaptation among nursing students was 57.8%. Univariate analysis showed that gender, dimensions of emotional intelligence, teaching support, and social support were significantly correlated with adaptability (P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that "Use of Emotion" (OR=2.703) and "Regulation of Emotion" (OR=2.174) were independent predictive factors for clinical adaptability. Conclusion The problem of poor clinical adaptation among nursing students under the "2+2" model is prominent. The abilities of "Use of Emotion" and "Regulation of Emotion" in emotional intelligence, as well as the external support system, are key factors affecting their adaptability. It is suggested to enhance nursing students' clinical adaptability by strengthening emotional intelligence training, optimizing teaching support, and building a supportive environment.
Application Status and Practical Analysis of Surrogate Endpoints in Clinical Trial Design for Orphan Drugs
Rare diseases are characterized by high heterogeneity, small patient populations and wide geographic dispersion. Clinical trials of orphan drugs generally face problems such as recruitment difficulties, long follow-up, and difficulty in evaluating traditional endpoints. Surrogate endpoints can indirectly predict clinical benefits and have become an important research tool for the design of clinical trials for rare disease drugs. This article refers to the accelerated approval rules of the US FDA, the conditional marketing authorization system of the EU EMA, and the relevant guidelines for clinical research and development of rare disease drugs in China. It systematically sorts out the regulatory norms and application system of surrogate endpoints, analyzes their implementation points, practical shortcomings, and potential safety risks in clinical trial design. Research has found that surrogate endpoints can effectively break through the experimental bottleneck of orphan drug development, but there are still many problems in indicator validation standards, practical application, and risk management. Based on the current situation of domestic research and development, this paper proposes targeted optimization strategies to provide practical references for the design of orphan drug trials, regulatory review, and clinical research in China. These strategies can not only accelerate the market entry of orphan drugs, but also keep clinical medication safety as a top priority.
Application Exploration of Artificial Intelligence Technology in the Innovative Development of Medical Equipment
The use of AI in medical devices is one of the greatest technological revolutions in modern medicine. This review focuses on the mechanisms and dimensions of AI application to medical equipment innovation in four domains, such as AI-enabled medical imaging devices, AI-assisted surgical robotics, AI-integrated wearable monitoring devices, and federated learning-based data infrastructure for equipment development. A review of regulatory data, clinical evidence and emerging technical literature traces the evolution of AI-enabled device authorisations – from 27 FDA-cleared devices in 2017 to 235 in 2024 (with more than 1,000 cumulative authorisations) – and discusses the technology-specific drivers of this growth. A technology innovation diffusion framework and the human-AI collaboration concept are used to contextualise the systemic implications of AI integration at the equipment level. We tackle and evaluate major issues, including the lack of transparency in algorithms, differences in regulations between the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and China’s National Medical Products Administration, restrictions on data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the development of governance frameworks. The assessment finishes with pragmatic thoughts on how to bridge the device-level AI performance with the system-level healthcare outcomes and on the development of internationally harmonised evaluation criteria for AI-enabled medical equipment.
Practical Analysis of Target Trial Emulation for Cardiorenal Outcomes in the Multimorbid Population
The comorbidity of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases is particularly common among middle-aged and elderly people. Traditional randomized controlled trials have strict inclusion criteria and often exclude subjects with multiple comorbidities, making it difficult for the research conclusions to reflect real clinical practice. This study performed target trial emulation, and selected chronic kidney disease, hypertension, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure comorbidity groups as the research object. Referring to the domestic CK-NET kidney disease monitoring database, combined with open data from two international cardiorenal trials (CREDENCE, DAPA-CKD), we compared the performance of traditional parallel control, basket test and platform test, and also analyzed the application of single endpoint, composite endpoint and hierarchical outcome indicators in this group of people. A clinically adaptable trial design reduces the required sample size and improves the detection of cardiorenal adverse events. The hierarchical composite endpoint is more suitable for evaluating the prognosis of patients with multimorbidity. This study can provide practical reference for the design of clinical trials and screening of indicators for cardiorenal multimorbidity.
The Health Star Rating System in Australia and New Zealand: A Policy Case Study and Its Implications for Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labelling
This paper examines the Health Star Rating (HSR) system in Australia and New Zealand as a front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labelling policy, with a focus on its role in improving obesity-related dietary health and its potential applicability in other contexts such as China. While the HSR aims to simplify nutritional information and support healthier food choices, this study suggests that its effectiveness is constrained by both behavioral and structural limitations. The analysis shows that the HSR enhances consumer understanding by providing a simplified summary of nutritional quality and facilitates product comparison within categories. It also creates incentives for manufacturers to reformulate products. However, these benefits do not necessarily translate into meaningful improvements in dietary behavior or weight management outcomes. Consumer misunderstandings, including inappropriate cross-category comparisons and the health halo effect, may distort perceptions of product healthfulness. In addition, the system does not account for portion size or total energy intake, limiting its relevance to obesity prevention. At the structural level, the voluntary nature of the HSR leads to selective labelling, with higher-rated products more likely to display the rating, resulting in a biased information environment. Incomplete market adoption further reduces its population-level impact. The paper suggests that while HSR-type systems may offer useful insights for countries such as China, their effectiveness would depend on adaptation to local regulatory frameworks. Emerging digital and AI-based tools may provide a potential pathway to enhance the system by enabling more personalized and context-specific dietary guidance.
Research Progress on the Effects of Methylmalonic Acid on Male Reproductive Function
Methylmalonic acid (MMA), a sensitive marker of vitamin B12 deficiency, exerts multifaceted adverse effects on male reproductive function when accumulated. This systematic review examines how MMA leads to reduced sperm count, decreased motility, and DNA damage by inhibiting mitochondrial complex II, inducing oxidative stress, and disrupting one-carbon metabolism; causing Leydig cell atrophy, impaired testosterone synthesis, and compromised Sertoli cell function; and disrupting endocrine regulation within the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. Mechanistically, MMA induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, ATP synthesis inhibition, inflammatory responses, and epigenetic modifications, forming a pathological cascade of “energy crisis–oxidative damage–apoptosis.” Clinical observations indicate that MMA levels are negatively correlated with sperm quality and testosterone levels, and supplementation with vitamin B12 can effectively reverse the associated damage. It is recommended that MMA monitoring be incorporated into the screening system for male infertility etiology, and that early nutritional intervention be implemented for high-risk populations to improve male reproductive health.
Reprogramming Tumour-Associated Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Molecular Mechanisms to Immunotherapeutic Strategies
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still one of the top causes of cancer-related mortalities worldwide, and immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) is a key obstacle for effective therapy. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the most abundant immune cells in the HCC TME and display a pro-tumourigenic character, which is related with immunosuppression, angiogenesis and resistance to systemic therapy. Reprogramming TAMs from M2-like pro-tumourigenic to an anti-tumour M1-like state has appeared as a viable therapeutic strategy. Herein we discuss the molecular pathways involved in TAM polarisation in HCC, including the CSF1R, PI3Kγ and NF-κB/STAT3 signalling pathways and review the therapeutic approaches targeting TAM re-programming including CSF1R inhibition, TLR agonists, combination with immune checkpoint blockade, CAR-macrophage engineering and nanoparticle-mediated delivery. We also highlight the clinical challenges of TAM-targeted therapy such as phenotypic plasticity and off-target toxicity, and markers for patient stratification.
From Reactive to Proactive: Empowering Sports Injury Prevention with Large Language Models
Sports injury management is undergoing a paradigm shift from ‘reactive post-event intervention’ to ‘proactive pre-event prevention’. Although traditional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have demonstrated some efficacy in identifying injury risk factors, they still face analytical bottlenecks when dealing with complex, heterogeneous, and multimodal sports data. This paper aims to systematically explore the current applications of large language models (LLMs) in competitive sports injury prevention, the optimisation pathways for core technologies, and the empirical challenges they face in complex clinical decision-making. It examines how Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT), and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) can bridge the general language barrier to adapt to specialised knowledge in sports medicine. Although LLMs possess powerful natural language processing and multimodal data integration capabilities, issues such as data privacy, model hallucinations, out-of-distribution (OOD) robustness, and insufficient explainability limit their independent application in high-risk medical decision-making. Future research needs to be deepened in the directions of edge computing deployment and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI).
Triangular Lipid Strategy for Neurodevelopment: Formulation Engineering, Nanocarrier Performance, and Evidence Base of a BCLC Acer truncatum Seed Oil-Phosphatidylserine-Linseed Oil Composite
We integrated formulation-characterization data, process-optimization records, nanocarrier-performance testing, storage-stability observations, and peer-reviewed literature to evaluate a BCLC lipid composite built around Acer truncatum seed oil, phosphatidylserine (PS), and linseed oil. The formulation dataset showed that the most favorable preparation window was obtained at an oil-phase temperature of 45 C, aqueous-phase pH 7.4, 4 min of high-speed shearing, and four high-pressure homogenization cycles. Under these conditions, the hybrid nanocarrier exhibited an average particle size of about 148 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.14, a zeta potential of -35 mV, encapsulation efficiencies of 93% for Acer truncatum seed oil, 91% for PS, and 92% for DHA phospholipid, and limited particle-size changes in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids (5% and 7%, respectively). During 28 days of storage, low-temperature light-protected conditions produced the slowest rise in peroxide and acid values. Published evidence aligned with this formulation logic: nervonic acid has been linked to myelin biology, Acer truncatum seed oil has shown cognition-related benefits in rodent models, PS supports membrane signaling and has demonstrated clinical signals in pediatric cognition studies, and omega-3 fatty-acid sufficiency remains relevant to neurodevelopmental outcomes. Taken together, the current data support a triangular lipid strategy in which myelin-oriented lipids, membrane phospholipids, and omega-lipid carrier support are organized within a phospholipid-assisted nanocarrier.
Synergistic Antibiofilm Potentials of Essential Oil of Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) and Nisin Against Bacillus Cereus Biofilms
Bacillus cereus is an important foodborne pathogen that can contaminate a wide range of foods and form persistent biofilms on food and food-contact surfaces, thereby increasing the risk of spoilage and cross-contamination. In response to growing interest in natural antimicrobial agents for food preservation, this study investigated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of nisin and clove essential oil against B. cereus, with particular emphasis on their potential synergistic effects when used in combination. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar diffusion and broth tube dilution assays, while biofilm formation and inhibition were assessed using Congo red agar and crystal violet microtiter plate assays. The results showed that nisin exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against B. cereus, whereas clove essential oil alone showed little inhibitory effect on bacterial growth under the tested conditions. However, clove essential oil enhanced the antimicrobial activity of nisin when used in combination. In the antibiofilm assay, nisin alone showed strong activity, with all tested concentrations inhibiting biofilm formation by more than 90%. Clove essential oil alone also reduced biofilm formation, with inhibition ranging from 68.5% to higher levels depending on concentration. The combination treatments produced the greatest antibiofilm effects, with the most effective treatment, 250 IU/mL nisin combined with 1500 IU/mL clove essential oil, achieving 98.6% inhibition. Overall, these findings suggest that although clove essential oil alone was ineffective against planktonic growth, it contributed substantially to enhanced antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity when combined with nisin. The combination of nisin and clove essential oil may therefore represent a promising natural strategy for controlling B. cereus and its biofilm in food-related environments.
Clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum)
From Cornea to Macula: The Potential Role of Dry Eye–Related Ocular Surface Inflammation in Macular Degeneration
Dry eye is a chronic inflammatory disease of the ocular surface caused by shortened tear film rupture time and high osmotic pressure. Macular degeneration, especially AMD, is one of the main causes of blindness worldwide, traditionally believed to be mainly caused by RPE aging, oxidative damage, and choroidal circulation disorders. In recent years, epidemiological and basic research has also suggested that chronic inflammatory reactions on the ocular surface can participate in the occurrence and development of macular degeneration through common inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress amplification effects, and immune regulation disorders. In summary, this article mainly elaborates on the inflammatory pathway from the cornea to the macular area and the possible ways in which inflammatory mediators extend from the ocular surface to the posterior part of the eye. It also provides new ideas for the involvement of ocular surface inflammation caused by dry eye in the treatment of AMD, hoping to help achieve a multi site integrated diagnosis and treatment model for the eye.
Lavender Essential Oil as Treatment for Chronic Migraine: A Protocol for Non-Inferiority Randomized Controlled Trial
This study is a randomized, investigator-blinded, controlled phase III clinical trial designed to compare the efficacy of daily atomized inhalation of lavender essential oil versus 50 mg sumatriptan tablets among Australians aged 18–65 years with chronic migraine, with a 3-month follow-up period. The primary outcome is the monthly reduction in headache days, defined as an improvement from moderate or severe pain to mild or no pain. Eligible participants diagnosed with chronic migraine by general practitioners and providing informed consent are randomized 1:1 to the intervention group (lavender essential oil) or the control group (sumatriptan tablets). This protocol aims to evaluate whether lavender essential oil is non-inferior to standard pharmaceutical treatment for chronic migraine management.
NVTIA SAMe–5-Hydroxytryptophan–St. John’s Wort Nutritional Platform for Mood Support and Joint Maintenance: Ratio-Guided Formulation Design, Stability Performance, and Clinical Evidence
Background: Nutritional formulations intended to support mood and joint health often underperform because active ingredients are combined without ratio control, salt-form standardization, or protection against oxidative and gastrointestinal degradation. Objective: We evaluated the NVTIA SAMe–5-HTP–St. John’s wort platform by aligning its development-stage formulation dataset with published clinical evidence relevant to mood support and joint maintenance. Methods: We reviewed five NVTIA embodiments and one comparator across dosage-form quality, accelerated stability, a mouse forced-swimming model, and a rat osteoarthritis model, and we matched these findings to randomized trials and meta-analyses on SAMe, St. John’s wort, and 5-HTP. Results: Across embodiments, active-content loss after 6 months of accelerated storage remained 2.8–3.5%. In mice, immobility time decreased by 40.4%–49.6% versus blank control, compared with 33.8% for the comparator. In osteoarthritic rats, cartilage matrix synthesis reached 987–1089 cpm/mg and synovial-fluid viscosity 10.1–11.2 mPa·s, compared with 721 cpm/mg and 7.2 mPa·s in the comparator. Published evidence showed that SAMe was superior to placebo in a 2024 meta-analysis of 23 randomized trials, St. John’s wort extract WS 5570 outperformed placebo in a 375-patient trial of mild-to-moderate depression, and 5-HTP improved depressive-symptom scores in a 2025 randomized trial in older adults, albeit with limited sample size. Conclusions: The NVTIA platform is best understood as a ratio-defined, quality-standardized, multi-mechanistic formulation whose apparent advantages arise from formulation architecture rather than ingredient listing alone. The currently available evidence most strongly supports formulation robustness and translational plausibility; prospective controlled trials of the finished NVTIA product remain necessary.
BALIMONT Tri-Strain Probiotic Platform for Skin Radiance Support: Comparative Performance and Human Translational Evidence
We evaluated a BALIMONT three-strain oral probiotic platform designed for skin radiance support and aligned its 28-day comparative performance dataset with published human evidence on the gut–skin axis. The formulation was organized around Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 23272, Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM 20021, and Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 20174, and was developed across lyophilized powder, hard-capsule, and tablet dosage forms. Across the comparative dataset, all multi-strain BALIMONT preparations outperformed the single-strain benchmark. The 2:1:1 lyophilized-powder configuration delivered the strongest observed response, with a 14.2% increase in cheek skin radiance and a 22.6% increase in gut-microbiota Shannon diversity after 28 days. Published human studies provide external support for the translational plausibility of probiotic skin interventions: Lactobacillus plantarum HY7714 improved skin hydration, gloss, and elasticity in a randomized placebo-controlled trial, while an oral probiotic containing Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus improved acne outcomes in a 12-week randomized trial. Taken together, the BALIMONT platform is best interpreted as a ratio-defined dermonutrition system in which multi-strain complementarity, viable-count control, and dosage-form compatibility jointly support visible skin-quality endpoints. Future confirmatory randomized trials should incorporate dedicated radiance, hydration, sebum, and blemish severity measures.
NVTIA GABA-Lysine Calcium Composite Microsphere System for Promoting Calcium Absorption: Formulation Architecture, Gastrointestinal Dispersion, and Bone-Support Evidence
We present an NVTIA composite microsphere system that combines a phosphorylated algal-calcium core, a GABA-L-lysine inclusion complex, a natto-derived MK-7 and Agaricus bisporus-derived vitamin D2 deposition module, and vitamin E protection. We analyzed the formulation-specific comparative dataset together with published human and translational evidence relevant to calcium absorption and skeletal utilization. In the comparative preparation, the integrated microsphere system dispersed completely in simulated intestinal fluid within 2 min, whereas the conventional comparator remained incompletely dispersed beyond 8 min. Core active retention reached at least 99.0% for GABA/L-lysine and at least 98.8% for MK-7/vitamin D2, and 30-day room-temperature retention remained at least 97.5%, compared with 82.3%, 86.7%, and 78.5%, respectively, in the comparator. Published studies aligned with the formulation modules: L-lysine significantly increased intestinal calcium absorption in 45 osteoporotic patients [2]; CPP enhanced skeletal 45Ca incorporation in growing rats [4]; algal calcium achieved a fractional absorption of 23.1 +/- 6.4% versus 14.7 +/- 6.4% for CaCO3 in postmenopausal women [5]; UV-B-irradiated button-mushroom vitamin D2 raised serum vitamin D indices similarly to supplemental vitamin D2 [7]; and recent meta-analytic evidence indicates that vitamin K, especially K2, primarily improves osteocalcin carboxylation and may help preserve lumbar-spine bone density [9]. We interpret these converging data as support for a coordinated calcium-delivery architecture that merits further bioavailability and outcome-based validation.
Preclinical Evaluation of a Ratio-Optimized BALIMONT Multi-Strain Synbiotic Platform for Intestinal Flora Regulation
We evaluated a BALIMONT multi-strain synbiotic platform built around Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, with fructooligosaccharide and stachyose as prebiotic supports. We reorganized the formulation dossier into a journal-style manuscript and interpreted the disclosed mouse outcomes alongside current probiotic and synbiotic literature. Across the disclosed high-dose groups, all six ratio-optimization embodiments increased bifidobacteria and lactobacilli while reducing Escherichia coli; total short-chain fatty acids and butyrate rose in parallel with lower cecal pH, higher fecal-pellet output, and greater fecal moisture. Within the B. longum-enriched branch, the 3:1:1 ratio produced the strongest reported metabolic profile, including total SCFA 93.27 μmol/g and butyrate 19.51 μmol/g. Within the B. adolescentis-enriched branch, the 1:3:1 ratio reached total SCFA 89.48 μmol/g, butyrate 18.81 μmol/g, bifidobacteria 11.38 lgCFU/g, and cecal pH 5.52. Published evidence indicates that FOS increases colonic bifidobacteria in humans, raffinose-family oligosaccharides can be utilized by bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, and synbiotics can raise Lactobacillus and propionate in healthy adults [4-8]. Taken together, these results support BALIMONT as a strain-defined, freeze-dried, prebiotic-supported synbiotic platform whose strongest disclosed effects were observed when bifidobacterial weighting was increased.
NVTIA Four-Component Synovitis Therapeutic Composition for Cartilage Tissue Repair: Formulation Architecture, Preclinical Signals, and Published Translational Evidence
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Protective Effect of Eggshell Powder on the In Vitro Titer Stability of Immunoglobulin Y
Objective Aiming at the problem that immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is susceptible to acid-base, temperature and enzymatic hydrolysis in vitro, resulting in reduced titer, this study was designed to systematically evaluate the protective effect of eggshell powder on the titer stability of IgY under different pH, temperature, time and packaging conditions, and to verify its anti-digestive ability in simulated gastric fluid. Methods Using IgY as the research object and eggshell powder as the protective agent, multi-gradient experiments were set up: the titer changes were investigated at different pH (1, 3, 7.8), temperatures (-20, 4, 24, 37℃) and storage time (0-360 d); the effects of conventional packaging and vacuum packaging were compared; and incubation in simulated gastric fluid was performed for 0–60 min. The IgY titers of each group were determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the retention rates were calculated. Results Compared with the control group, eggshell powder significantly increased the titer retention rate of IgY under strong acid condition (pH = 1.0) (P<0.05). During the 360-day storage period, the titer of the eggshell powder group showed a downward trend. The antibody retention rate of vacuum packaging was higher than that of non-vacuum packaging, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). After treatment in simulated gastric fluid for 60 min, the antibody retention rate reached 95.6% at 60 min, showing excellent acid resistance and anti-enzymolysis properties. Conclusion Eggshell powder can effectively maintain the titer stability of IgY in complex in vitro environments and simulated digestive juice, indicating its application potential as a natural oral delivery carrier.