Compare the Influence of Masculinity on Gender Equality in Thailand and China

Ziyan Zhang

doi:10.62051/v8azxa95

Authors

Ziyan Zhang

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62051/v8azxa95

Keywords:

Masculinity; Gender equality; Boy education; Comparative analysis of two countries; Lady-boy.

Abstract

The academic definition of masculinity is a concept that encompasses men's gender temperament, gender roles, gender norms, power order, and other related aspects. The persistent presence of unequal gender regimes can be explained by the concept of hegemonic masculinity, in particular. The paper compares the masculinity of Chinese and Thai men, examining how differing societal status and national cultures influence masculinity. Both countries exhibit a lack of value for domestic work and father absence in child-rearing, reflecting a dominance of male-centric masculinity. However, China shows progress in women's economic and social status, with gender equality being a state policy. In Thailand, Brahmanism influences the perception of male superiority, leading to a feminine transformation among men. Thailand exhibits more sexual liberty, particularly accepting of transsexuality, unlike China where LGBTQ+ students face gender-based bullying. Suggestions for improvement include enhancing the educational role of fathers, promoting gender equality in Thai education and homes, and respecting children's gender expression in China. The study acknowledges limitations, notably the lack of recent data on masculinity changes in Thailand, suggesting further research in the future.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

D.M. Ging, Men and Masculinities in Irish Cinema, Palgrave Macmillan, 106. (2013).

M. Gutmann, Remarking the unmarked: an anthropology of masculinity redux, Annual Review of Anthropology, 52, (2023) 55 - 72.

M. Sui Hongsheng, Masculinity, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, (2020) 16 - 17.

F. Xie Fanghao, Thoughts on the protection of human rights of special vulnerable groups - taking Thailand’s “transvestites” as an example, Legal System and Economics, 201, (2011) l.

H. Benjamin, The transsexual phenomenon, Ace Publishing Company. (1966).

N. Arradeesirivarakron, Research on the image of ladyboys and audience acceptance in Thai ladyboy endorsement advertisements (Master's thesis, Xiamen University). (2023).

M.R. Chladek, Defining Manhood: Monastic Masculinity and Effeminacy in Contemporary Thai Buddhism, The Journal of Asian Studies, 80 (4), (2021) 975 – 995.

P. Pi Xingcan & W. Wang Xiying, Research on Chinese masculinity from multiple perspectives, Youth Studies, 2, (2017) 85 - 93.

R.W. Connell & R.W. Connell, Masculinity, Social Sciences Literature Press. (2003).

H. Chen Hongmei & Y. Yang Fei., Masculinity and Reflection on the Changes of Internet Popular Appellations - Taking Male Appellations in Internet Popular Terms from 2007 to 2022 as the analysis object, Journal of Chongqing University of Science and Technology (Social Science Edition). (Year not provided).

Y. Wang Ying, Analysis of masculinity in current domestic idol development programs, (Doctoral dissertation, Shanxi University). (Year not provided).

C. Feng Chuan, Introduction to Jungian Psychology. (No Title). (1987).

J. Bao Jiemin, A neglected issue in cultural identity: class relations and gender relations, World Nations (1), 8. (2009).

J. Li Jiayuan, Female tourist sexual safety from the perspective of social psychology: Taking sexual harassment by Thai tour guides as an example, Chinese Sexual Science, 23 (8), (2014) 87 - 90.

S. Wu Shengyang, From noble women to inferior men to men superior to women—Analysis of the impact of Brahmanism on the changes in the feminist culture of the Thai nation, Research on Nanyang Issues, (1), (2010) 72 - 78.

World Bank Group, Economic inclusion of LGBTI groups in Thailand, World Bank. (2018).

R. Arora, Female migration and labor in Thailand: When law and society continue to exclude you, UCLA J. Int'l L. Foreign Aff., 21, (2017) 70.

S.M. Okin, Justice, Gender and Family, China University of Political Science and Law Press. (2017).

S. Geng Shifeng, Case Study of Structural Family Therapy Intervening in Family Problems with Absent Father (Master's Thesis, Qingdao University of Science and Technology). (Year not provided).

B. Liu Boxong, A ten-year review of Chinese women's studies, Journal of China Women's University, 17 (4), (2005) 3 - 5.

C. Lu Chunjuan, Legal thinking on reasonable compensation for women’s housework from the perspective of gender equality theory, Journal of Shaanxi University of Science and Technology (Social Science Edition) (05), (2023) 1 - 11.

M. Luo Ming, Analysis of the Impact Mechanism of Campus Gender Bullying on Students' Physical and Mental Health: A Case Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Students, Global Education Outlook (04), (2020) 15 - 30.

L. Guo Lingfeng & W. Liu Wenli, Risk and Protective Factors of School Violence and Bullying Against Sexual Minority Groups, Chinese Journal of School Health (01), (2019) 156 - 160.

C. Hu Chunmei, Z. Feng Zhao, & W. Zhang Weiwu, The Relationship between School Violence and Sexual Orientation Among Middle School Students, Chinese Journal of School Health (06), (2020). 886 - 888.